[C845.Ebook] Fee Download Araki Gold, by Filippo Maggia

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Tracing Nobuyoshi Araki’s career, this volume comprises a collection of emblematic photographs (one per day), a new series of nudes and elegant female portraits and a number of "stories" set in traditional Japan. Alongside these serial works are portraits and street photographs taken in the 1960s and 1970s. With these works Araki records Japanese society during its period of intense economic growth. His new flower compositions and the classic bondage series are also included, which are responsible for making him famous throughout the world. His recent productions will be given broad exposure in the Tokyo Diary 2003–2007 series.

• Sales Rank: #186300 in Books
• Published on: 2008-09-09
• Released on: 2008-09-09
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 11.33" h x .94" w x 9.77" l, 3.76 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 240 pages

Features

• photography book
• araki
• collectible photography book
• japanese photography
• nude photography

Review
“Well produced and carefully selected, this is essentially a gallery tour in print of the world of Araki. Definitely not for everyone, but everyone who collects or shoots photography should be aware of it.” ~Range Finder Magazine

About the Author
Nobuyoshi Araki (born in Minowa, Tokyo in 1940) worked as an in-house photographer at an advertising agency before leaving to concentrate on his own work in 1972. His subject matter is Tokyo and the people who live there. His work can be seen as a detailed diary of his life, or a catalog of things that catch his visual interest. Araki lives and works in Tokyo.

Most helpful customer reviews

12 of 46 people found the following review helpful.
Great Book
By Leonardn O. Norris
This book the pictures are mostly in black & white there are some randome pictures of people in Japan & a lot of Japanese women.this book is great for the pictures & any one who likes just looking at another photagraphers pictures I look at this book often & Highly Recommend it to any one who appreciates Unusual photos.

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• Sales Rank: #4332397 in Books
• Published on: 1941
• Binding: Paperback

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[K619.Ebook] PDF Download Emerging Dairy Processing Technologies: Opportunities for the Dairy Industry (IFST Advances in Food Science), by Nivedita Datta, Peggy M.

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Fluid milk processing is energy intensive, with high financial and energy costs found all along the production line and supply chain. Worldwide, the dairy industry has set a goal of reducing GHG emissions and other environmental impacts associated with milk processing. Although the major GHG emissions associated with milk production occur on the farm, most energy usage associated with milk processing occurs at the milk processing plant and afterwards, during refrigerated storage (a key requirement for the transportation, retail and consumption of most milk products). Sustainable alternatives and designs for the dairy processing plants of the future are now being actively sought by the global dairy industry, as it seeks to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and comply with its corporate social responsibilities. Emerging Dairy Processing Technologies: Opportunities for the Dairy Industry presents the state of the art research and technologies that have been proposed as sustainable replacements for high temperature-short time (HTST) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) pasteurization, with potentially lower energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. These technologies include pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, high pressure homogenization, ohmic and microwave heating, microfiltration, pulsed light, UV light processing, and carbon dioxide processing. The use of bacteriocins, which have the potential to improve the efficiency of the processing technologies, is discussed, and information on organic and pasture milk, which consumers perceive as sustainable alternatives to conventional milk, is also provided. This book brings together all the available information on alternative milk processing techniques and their impact on the physical and functional properties of milk, written by researchers who have developed a body of work in each of the technologies. This book is aimed at dairy scientists and technologists who may be working in dairy companies or academia. It will also be highly relevant to food processing experts working with dairy ingredients, as well as university departments, research centres and graduate students.

• Sales Rank: #2200632 in Books
• Published on: 2015-06-22
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.90" h x .90" w x 6.90" l, .0 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 360 pages

From the Back Cover

Fluid milk processing is energy intensive, with high financial and energy costs found all along the production line and supply chain. Worldwide, the dairy industry has set a goal of reducing greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental impacts associated with milk processing. Although the major GHG emissions associated with milk production occur on the farm, most energy usage associated with milk processing occurs at the milk processing plant and afterwards, during refrigerated storage (a key requirement for the transport, retail and consumption of most milk products). Sustainable alternatives and designs for the dairy processing plants of the future are now being actively sought by the global dairy industry, as it seeks to improve efficiency, reduce costs and comply with its corporate social responsibilities.

Emerging Dairy Processing Technologies: Opportunities for the Dairy Industry presents the state of the art research and technologies that have been proposed as sustainable replacements for high temperature, short time (HTST) and ultra high temperature (UHT) pasteurization, with potentially lower energy usage and GHG emissions. These technologies include pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, high-pressure homogenization, ohmic and microwave heating, microfiltration, pulsed light, UV light processing and carbon dioxide processing. The use of bacteriocins, which have the potential to improve the efficiency of the processing technologies, is discussed and information on organic and pasture milk, which consumers perceive as sustainable alternatives to conventional milk, is also provided.

This book brings together all the available information on alternative milk processing techniques and their impact on the physical and functional properties of milk, written by researchers who have developed a body of work in each of the technologies.

This book is aimed at dairy scientists and technologists who may be working in dairy companies or academia. It will also be highly relevant to food processing experts working with dairy ingredients, as well as university departments, research centres and graduate students.

About the Author

Dr Nivedita Datta is a Lecturer in Food Science and Technology in the College of Health and Biomedicine
at Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Dr Peggy M. Tomasula is Research Leader of the Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit (DFFRU) at
USDA/ARS/ERRC in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA.

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• Sales Rank: #468540 in eBooks
• Published on: 2011-04-01
• Released on: 2011-04-01
• Format: Kindle eBook

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25 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
Essential!
By Lilac
I am a soon to graduate 4th year in medical school who just completed a month long radiology course. I got this book on a whim since I thought I was not learning enough. This book definitely taught me more than the whole month of staring at people read images. If you are looking for something that will teach you all the PRACTICAL basics that an INTERN will NEED to know when having to make a decision at 2am without the help of a radiologist, then look no further. This is the book for you. I have been telling all of my friends about it. It is a must-read.

7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
They do a great job explaining what exactly you're supposed to be looking ...
By Amazon Customer
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent Book for All, definitely recommend getting it as a 3rd year!!
By ZNoble
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• Sales Rank: #4619758 in Books
• Published on: 1953
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 243 pages

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The essence of Tai Chi Chuan lies in the rich philosophy of ancient China. While most Tai Chi practitioners are aware of the value that studying Chinese philosophy can bring to their practice, it is often difficult to pick out those texts that are most relevant to Tai Chi and connected to its development. The Philosophy of Tai Chi Chuan presents, for the first time, a concise overview of the Chinese martial and spiritual philosophies that drive this ancient tradition.Authors Freya and Martin Boedicker, who teach Tai Chi throughout Europe and South Africa, present freshly translated excerpts from such popular and widely studied works as the Tao Te Ching, the I Ching, and The Art of War, as well as writings by philosophers and strategists such as Zhuangzi and Wuzi. Each chapter of this concise volume focuses on a single work or philosopher, and includes a short history of each one as well as a description of their relevance to Tai Chi. An extensive glossary of important Chinese terms rounds out the book. The Philosophy of Tai Chi Chuan offers readers a direct connection with the concepts that form the foundation of Tai Chi, inspiring a deeper understanding of the art and its applications.


From the Hardcover edition.

• Sales Rank: #279004 in eBooks
• Published on: 2011-07-26
• Released on: 2011-07-26
• Format: Kindle eBook

Review

“An important work for the practitioner that wants to understand the inner works of Tai Chi, to ‘raise the essence and attune the spirit.’ The Philosophy of Tai Chi Chuan is also a good quality rendition by Blue Snake Books and should find a welcome spot in the Philosophy section of your library.”
—dkMommy Spot

From the Hardcover edition.

About the Author
Freya and Martin Boedicker run the Forum for Traditional Wu Tai Chi Chuan and teach Tai Chi in Germany, England, Holland, Poland, Belgium, Spain, and South Africa. They are long-time students of Ma Jiangbao, the son of Wu Yinghua and Ma Yueliang. Martin Boedicker, who has obtained a master's degree in East Asian Science, has taught a seminar on "Visualizing Chinese Thinking Structures" at the University of Witten for six years. Freya Boedicker, a chemistry teacher, also develops Tai Chi teacher training. Both have published articles on Tai Chi theory and application in Tai Chi journals across Europe. They live in Willich, Germany.

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12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Nice Idea - Needs Fleshing Out
By Stewart Hay
Registered Instructor - Tai Chi Union of Great Britain (TCUGB)
Instructor - Northern Wu Taiji Quan Global Alliance

I really liked the authors' idea of offering "a direct connection with the concepts that form the foundation of Tai Chi, inspiring a deeper understanding of the art and its applications".

The "Philosophy of Tai Chi Chuan" (PTCC) covers twelve texts beginning with the I Ching. Also featured are Taoist (Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi, Lie Zi, Nei Ye & Huainanzi), Confucian (Analects, Da Xue & Zhong Yong) and Military works (Sun Zi, Wu Zi & Sun Bin).

A notable omission, given its influence on Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) and the art's own Classics, is the Tai Chi Diagram Explanation of Zhou Dun Yi.

The authors give their view about the influence of each text on the practice of TCC. The influences cited are typically general in nature, explanations are brief, and there is little specific application.

Classical Chinese philosophical works are not easy to understand. Commentaries are often provided to minimise misunderstandings as, per the TCC classics, "being off by a hair's breadth is to miss by a thousand miles". PTCC has no commentaries. Readers must make their own connections, as best they can, between TCC and the excerpts.

I admire the German authors for translating from Chinese into English. I hope that their book stimulates some positive discussions. Some chapters/things that caught my eye:

Zhuang Zi. The authors describe "non-acting (wuwei)" as an important concept that means "neither too much nor too little action". This changes to "not to interfere with or act against naturalness" in the glossary.

Other commentators place most emphasis on the nature, rather than the amount, of action e.g. "going with the flow". In martial terms others have expressed wuwei as "rolling with the punches". Blending with, rather than resisting, an opponent's action is wuwei.

Wu Zi. The authors say that "those who learn TCC practice an old Chinese martial art. Nevertheless, most students of TCC view the use of violence skeptically. This skepticism can also be found in the texts of the strategists of old China".

My dictionary defines scepticism as "an attitude of doubt especially associated with implied criticism." I do wonder if "pragmatic" is perhaps a more appropriate description for the attitude of the strategists towards violence.

Given that TCC is a martial art it's no surprise that there are many accounts of famous TCC masters visiting varying degrees of violence upon challengers, assailants, would be assassins, assorted lowlifes & even their own students. Some even seemed to enjoy it and didn't need too much prompting either.

We (civilian, emotionally mature) TCC students understand the limitations of violence in conflict resolution. We aim to avoid using it. But we recognise when violence is necessary. At which point our training allows us (hopefully!) to apply a proportionate and lawful level of violence effectively. This is nothing to be doubtful or critical about.

Da Xue. The authors write that "one can imagine that many masters of TCC saw their art not only as a collection of self-defence techniques or health exercises but also as a form of self-cultivation. This also explains the great importance of the solo forms, which many students of TCC consider to be the substance of their art".
It's probably a lost-in-translation moment, but given the sophisticated, coherent, strategies and tactics described in TCC literature I doubt that any TCC Masters viewed their martial art as a "collection of self-defence techniques".

That many people who practice solo forms consider them to be "the substance of their art" is, however, well known. There are many forms: some fast; some slow; some overtly martial; some less so. We can practice the same form in many different ways too. Many people have fun and get many benefits from practicing form and only form. But can we really say that we're practicing the martial art of TCC if the solo form is "the" substance of our art?

The authors noted that the I Ching structured the world in pairs of opposites and that this has a fundamental influence on TCC. Civilian and Military are such a pair. TCC Master Tung Ying Chieh used these terms to describe the practice of TCC as follows:

"The civil aspect of Taijiquan is the Body (the Form). The military aspect is the Application. Training in the civil aspect is learning about yourself. The military aspect is needed for confrontation. If one learns the civil aspect and ignores the military aspect, it is the body with no function. If the military aspect is not based on the civil aspect, it is a tree with no root."

The authors stated that the Da Xue addresses "peaceful and respectful dealings with each other". The partner work (military) aspect of TCC allow us to develop such dealings very directly. And it complements the hand form/solo exercises to give a more complete art.

In conclusion I found this book to be an interesting read and a recommended buy. The basic premise was a nice idea but it needs to be explored in more detail to make this a great book. I would welcome the authors revisiting this subject in the future and fleshing out the relationships between the classic texts and TCC.

10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Aj tai chi journey waiting for all of us
By Gerardo Lopez Sastre
It has been a real pleasure to read this book. If one wants to do more than copy a lot of movements without any meaning one needs to know "the reason behind". This means not only the more or less hidden applications, but the philosophy that supports them, the core ideas that provide the strategy of Tai Chi and allow the practitioner to know what is right and what is wrong. In this field it is very easy to get lost. A lot of big words and flurry concepts: dao, de, full and empty .... Why not skip all this and concentrate in the practice? A big mistake! Theory without practice is not going to improve our health or our martial ability. But practice without theory is blind. We need to know that some Chinese philosophers believed that the weak overcomes the strong, and that this principle is embodied in Tai Chi. Chinese strategists thought about the art of deception. So if the enemy is strong we must evade him, but if he is holding back, we must look arrogant. And we could continue ... I had a Tai Chi Master who used to say that Tai Chi was created by intelligent people who were getting older and could not trust any longer in brute force. So, from the beginning the tai chi practitioner (and especially complete beginners) must know what they are doing, the specific quality of what they are doing. This is what they can learn in this book, some quite easy to understand Chinese texts that present "abstract concepts"; but (and this is the magic of Tai Chi) concepts that can be felt, can be embodied in movements of the solo form or in the interaction with a partner. In this sense I would recommend strongly the reading of this book, and then ...to put it into practice. A wonderful Tai chi journey is waiting for all of us.

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Great addition to Taijiquan theory studies
By Terence King
For all taijiquan enthusiasts who have read the taiji classics and wished to know more about the vast background of Chinese philosophy which lies behind them, this book is for you! It consists of carefully-chosen excerpts from those works of Chinese philosophy which have the most direct bearing on the development of taijiquan. The authors have done a great job of selecting, translating, and commenting on these passages, giving in effect a brief history of Chinese philosophy in less than 100 pages. Those of us without the background or time to investigate the immense body of material represented here can be thankful that the authors have done the work for us. Highly recommended for any taijiquan student who is interested in the ways of thinking that led to this great art.

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A tantric massage practice for awakening and honoring male creative energy and allowing a man conscious, loving contact with his own masculinity

• Empowers men to expand and deepen their experience of arousal and sensuality

• Demonstrates how deep relaxation is important to a strong and lasting erection

• Shows how the lingam connects a man to his dynamic strength while the prostate is linked to his more receptive side

Lingam is the Sanskrit word for the male generative organ, the penis. In India, the lingam is revered as an expression of Shiva’s clarity, symbolizing the fine sword that differentiates between truth and falsehood. The goal of a lingam massage is to provide a man conscious, loving contact with his own masculinity. Western cultural expectations around sexual “performance” have created sexual difficulties for many men, including erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Through loving touch, lingam massage provides the deep relaxation that supports sustained erection, putting a man in touch with less familiar aspects of his sexuality, including the energetic responses of his perineum, prostate gland, and anus.

Lingam massage is not simply a hands-on technique but involves the conscious direction of energy throughout the body. It allows men to savor longer, deeper orgasms and teaches taoist and tantric practices for conserving sexual energy. Over time, as his consciousness deepens, these practices give a man complete control over his ejaculation.

• Sales Rank: #133768 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Destiny Books
• Published on: 2010-03-09
• Released on: 2010-03-09
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x .40" w x 6.00" l, .80 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 224 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

From the Back Cover
SEXUALITY / RELATIONSHIPS

Lingam is the Sanskrit word for the male generative organ, the penis. In India the lingam is revered as an expression of Shiva’s clarity, symbolizing the fine sword that differentiates between truth and falsehood. The goal of a lingam massage is to provide a man conscious, loving contact with his own masculinity. Western cultural expectations around sexual “performance” have created sexual difficulties for many men, including erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Through loving touch, lingam massage provides the deep relaxation that supports sustained erection, putting a man in touch with less familiar aspects of his sexuality, including the energetic responses of his perineum, prostate gland, and anus.

Lingam massage is not simply a hands-on technique but involves the conscious direction of energy throughout the body. It allows men to savor longer, deeper orgasms and teaches taoist and tantric practices for conserving sexual energy. Over time, as his consciousness deepens, these practices give a man complete control over his ejaculation.

MICHAELA RIEDL studied tantric massage at the Diamond Lotus Institute in Berlin and then refined the yoni and lingam massage techniques developed by Annie Sprinkle and Joseph Kramer, founder of the Erospirit Research Institute in California. She directs the AnandaWave Massage Center in Cologne, Germany, and is the author of Yoni Massage.

J�RGEN BECKER gained a completely new level of sexual consciousness by participating in a lingam-yoni massage group led by Michaela Riedl. Inspired to share his experiences, he suggested to Michaela that they write this book together. He runs a sexual counseling practice with his partner near Munich.

About the Author
Michaela Riedl studied tantric massage at the Diamond Lotus Institute in Berlin and then refined the yoni and lingam massage techniques developed by Annie Sprinkle and Joseph Kramer, founder of the Erospirit Research Institute in California. She directs the AnandaWave Massage Center in Cologne, Germany, and is the author of Yoni Massage. J�rgen Becker gained a completely new level of sexual consciousness by participating in a lingam-yoni massage group led by Michaela Riedl. Inspired to share his experiences he suggested to Michaela that they write this book together. He runs a sexual counseling practice with his partner near Munich.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1

MALE SEXUALITY


In the lingam, see the beauty of solidified gold,
the steadiness of the Himalayas,
the tenderness of a growing leaf,
the life-giving strength of the sun,
and the stimulation of its sparkling jewels!

--Linga Purana

EJACULATION

At some point during puberty every boy experiences it: a sweet feeling accompanied by the excretion of a milky liquid from the lingam.� For some the first ejaculation comes as a complete surprise, sometimes even completely without touching the lingam, as a “nocturnal emission” during their sleep.� Over the following weeks, the growing boy then experiences the sweet sensations that can be caused by the rubbing, stroking, and touching of the lingam.

Unfortunately, today’s youth are not taught how to masturbate lovingly during the course of their sexual education.� Masturbation thus becomes for many simply a way to resolve any kind of tension.� The youth never understands that his seed is a treasure.� He also does not learn to consciously connect masturbation with the act of loving himself and to use it to orient his love life toward sensual fulfillment.� Since youth normally receive none or only limited loving explanations and introductions to their sexuality, they often look for sexual stimulation on the Internet rather than connecting the natural desire to touch themselves with more desirable fantasies.� These circumstances can make a natural and conscious approach to sexuality--and ejaculation--more difficult, which is also one reason why an increasing number of men suffer from premature ejaculation problems.� To enable men to learn how to delay their arousal and how to expand and deepen it sensually, requires bringing consciousness, slowness, acceptance, and a joy for sensual things into their sexuality.

Complete Ejaculation Control

Complete ejaculation control depends on being able to separate ejaculation from experiencing orgasms.� Neurophysiologically, orgasm and ejaculation are two completely different processes.� The ejaculation itself does not cause the feeling of orgasm but is simply a physical act to move the ejaculate outside of the body.� The orgasm itself is an intensive energy experience, and it occurs in men who lack other forms of training within fractions of a second before ejaculation.

The lingam self-massage, combined with the stop-and-go method described below, can help the practice of separating orgasm from ejaculation and allow the experience of energy with the Big Draw.� This self-love ritual is also useful if you simply want to learn how to delay and enjoy ejaculation.

Lingam Self-Massage Combined with the Stop-and-Go Method

1.� Before you focus on your genitals, remember to touch and massage the rest of your body, especially your stomach, thighs, and nipples.

2.� Massage yourself as you like.� Stimulate the entire lingam, testicles, and perineum.

3.� Pay attention to your arousal curve.� Try to trace the beginning of arousal: pay attention to the tingling of the lingam root, observe the stages of erection, note the quickening of your breathing and pulse.

4.� Increase the stimulation until just before the critical point of no return, then stop, breathe calmly, and contract your PC muscle around your prostate.� You can also delay ejaculation by pressing on your Jen Mo point, gently pulling the testicles downward, squeezing the tip of your lingam with your hand, or simply using your mind to do the same.� The most important thing: observe the stages of your arousal and stop at the right time--not too close to the point of no return.
�
5.� If you need fantasies to become aroused, imagine that your lingam is being received by a beautiful yoni, since this comes closest to the reality of sexual experience.� It’s best, however, to avoid drifting into fantasies.

6.� The key of this exercise is to listen and feel what is happening inside you, to breathe deeply into the pelvis, and to learn to consciously feel your own sexual reactions.� Observe closely where you are on an erection scale from 1 to 100.
�
7.� If you are feeling very aroused, visualize your sexual energy flowing upward along your spine up to the top of your head as you inhale, and back down along the front of your body to your perineum as you exhale.� Allow your sexual energy to flow and spread throughout your body.

8.� Repeat this, stopping and starting several times, until you feel more comfortable with it.� Continue to stroke your entire body, to distribute your energy� throughout your body, and continue to touch your testicles and perineum.� Can you feel your energy spread throughout your body in waves?� Can you feel the energy circulating?

9.� If you want, you can reward yourself with an ejaculation after some time.� Enjoy your orgasm as you would any other and take your time to fully embrace this feeling as it ebbs.� If you want to avoid an ejaculation and instead use this energy for yourself--for your health and creativity or for a full-body orgasm without energy loss--you should practice the Big Draw at this point (see the detailed description on page 131).� Visualize this sexual energy being distributed throughout your body, being absorbed by all the cells of your body, and allow your body to vibrate or shake lightly.

10.� Once you feel reasonably comfortable with this stop-and-go exercise, ask your partner to stimulate your lingam.� This is not about using the precise techniques discussed later in the book, but about the awareness of both partners during stimulation.� Give hand signals early on as you approach the point of no return and maintain control of your ejaculation to allow the energy to spread throughout your body.

11.� When your partner stops the stimulation, breathe deeply.� Ask your partner to use strokes to spread your sexual energy from the pelvis throughout your body.

12.� If you want, and if it feels right for both of you, reward yourself with an ejaculation, a visualizing of the spread of energy, or the Big Draw.

Most helpful customer reviews

19 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
P.E. Eliminated in One Hour!
By Anna Lucinda
I bought this on a whim after first discarding the flyer and then deciding to be open minded about the subject. I ordered from Amazon, received the book in a very short time and started reading immediately. Once I had read the very enlightening material, I was ready to try it out on my husband, who had been away while I was learning. Having been a physical therapist, the techniques were easy for me to learn, although I had never, ever done a massage on that area! My husband was game to be the subject, and I explained that he was to concentrate on enjoying the sensations without a goal in mind. He loved it. For the first time in his life, he was able to control ejaculation, resulting in increased and prolonged pleasure. We are no longer young, but we both agreed that this was absolutely the best sex either one of us had ever experienced! I heartily recommend this book.

3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
great educational material
By vm
this book has a wealth of information, it's a nice tool to use in developing other areas you never thought existed ( awakening male sexual energy). what would have been more helpful though, is if it included additional step by step massage strokes of the penis in picture illustration.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
Good book with things which couples need to know if they want to enjoy each other.

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[T749.Ebook] Download PDF Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World, by Jack A. Goldstone

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What can the great crises of the past teach us about contemporary revolutions? Arguing from an exciting and original perspective, Goldstone suggests that great revolutions were the product of 'ecological crises' that occurred when inflexible political, economic, and social institutions were overwhelmed by the cumulative pressure of population growth on limited available resources. Moreover, he contends that the causes of the great revolutions of Europe—the English and French revolutions—were similar to those of the great rebellions of Asia, which shattered dynasties in Ottoman Turkey, China, and Japan.

The author observes that revolutions and rebellions have more often produced a crushing state orthodoxy than liberal institutions, leading to the conclusion that perhaps it is vain to expect revolution to bring democracy and economic progress. Instead, contends Goldstone, the path to these goals must begin with respect for individual liberty rather than authoritarian movements of 'national liberation.'

Arguing that the threat of revolution is still with us, Goldstone urges us to heed the lessons of the past. He sees in the United States a repetition of the behavior patterns that have led to internal decay and international decline in the past, a situation calling for new leadership and careful attention to the balance between our consumption and our resources.

Meticulously researched, forcefully argued, and strikingly original, Revolutions and Rebellions in the Early Modern World is a tour de force by a brilliant young scholar. It is a book that will surely engender much discussion and debate.

• Sales Rank: #1477494 in eBooks
• Published on: 1993-03-04
• Released on: 1991-04-02
• Format: Kindle eBook

Review
"A book of real stature--high-powered, provocative, and ambitious."--John A. Hall, "Contemporary Sociology

About the Author
Jack A. Goldstone is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Comparative Research in History, Society, and Culture at the University of California, Davis.

Most helpful customer reviews

13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Outstanding Effort at Synthesis
By R. Albin
This very interesting and provocative book is an effort to explain the genesis of recurrent rebellions/revolutions in early modern Europe and comparable other Eurasian societies. It is based on careful reading of the enormous literature surrounding 17th century Europe, the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire, the Ming-Qing transition, and the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Goldstone is also a clear writer who presents his ideas very well.

Rather than taking on the whole issue of revolution, Goldstone begins by restricting himself largely to a smaller but crucial question; what was responsible for state failure in the early modern world? Goldstone introduces a multifactorial model with 3 key components; inability of the state to raise sufficient revenues to finance itself, fissured elites, and disaffected marginal popular groups that could be mobilized for violence. This sounds fairly vague but Goldstone introduces a single driving force that generates the 3 key components; demographic expansion. In Goldstone's model, population growth in these pre-industrial economies leads to inflation with subsequent erosion of state (and individual) purchasing power. Coupled with the increasing real costs of important state activities like the costs of warfare, this leads to fiscal crises for the state. Population growth, often accompanied by considerable turnover of the upper classes, leads to increased competition among elites for privileged positions, especially state patronage which the financially strapped states cannot accomodate. The resulting insecurity among and competition among elites often leads to an adversarial relationship to the state at it seeks to improve its revenue base. Finally, demographic growth leads to a reservoir of groups, displaced peasants, marginalized urban workers, who can form popular shock troops for any violent actions.

Goldstone applies this model systematically to early modern Europe, specifically 17th century Britain and 18th century France. His formulation is a considerable success in the context of explaining the outbreak of the English Civil War and the French Revolution. Goldstone's model also does well in explaining why other turbulent events, like the revolt of Catalonia or the default of Louis XIV's government didn't generate state failure. He then proceeds to demonstrate the generality of the model by thoughtful application to Ottoman Turkey and Ming China. There is also an interesting discussion of Tokugawa Japan, something of an outlier and Goldstone argues well that this is an exception that proves the rule case. Its certainly possible to argue with aspects of Goldstone's model and its application. For example, I think some aspects of his interpretation of late 17th century Britain are wrong, and I would argue with his exact explanation of how demographic upturns ended, but this is overall a very impressive effort.

Goldstone also discusses what can happen after state failure. He as more speculative but quite interesting set of discussions of how state failure can lead to revolution and what factors lead to specific revolutionary outcomes. Like the rest of this book, this is based on a shrewd reading of much interesting literature and is presented well.

In addition to the value of Goldstone's broad synthesis, this book also contains a number of valuable summaries of relevant topic. The discussion of the difficult issue of French public finance during the 18th century, for example, is outstanding.

While Goldstone may not have everything correct, this book provides a very creditable framework for understanding a broad sweep of history. An outstanding achievement.

8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Insurgency and Revolutions Review
By Kenneth T King
I found Jack A. Goldstone's Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World was an incredibly informative piece of literature about a very complicated topic in which Goldstone's book does much to de-mystify. I thoroughly enjoyed my first foray into comparative political economics. As a Bachelor of Science in Economics, of which I haven't done much with since college, it was a fun return to the world of statistics and econometrics.

In Michael Richard's review of Goldstone's opus he notes that Goldstone takes a lot from previous sociological disciplines including the works of Moore and Skocpol but states it "goes well beyond both works;" which it does . It is hard to imagine any book could take a more detailed examination of revolutions that Goldstone does in Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. It is worth noting that both this review and a review of the book by R. Albin, cite demographic expansion as the main operandi of state breakdown. However, the R. Albin review notes that demographic expansion is only a part of a "multifactorial model with three key components: inability of the state to raise sufficient revenues to finance itself, fissured elites and disaffected marginal popular groups that could be mobilized for violence" . While Goldstone makes it clear that demographic expansion was definitively a driving force behind state breakdown, the effects of demographic change within the state and the certain cost-benefit analysis and changes in expectations that accompanied that demographic change are what Goldstone is hypothesizing are the facilitators of revolution. This is significant because in a modern world where demographic expansion may not necessarily be correlated with state breakdown (also in a later example of Japan), the factors Goldstone cites as the causes of revolution and rebellion are still highly volatile and continue to have causality. In fact, Goldstone even lays this out in the Preface when he states that revolution is statistically better when "society simultaneously experiences three kinds of difficulties" to include: government revenue crisis, elite discontent and increased pressure from a mobile populace." Notice that demographic expansion is not named.

Revolution and Rebellion was incredibly informative, especially in the first and last couple of chapters in which Goldstone's theories were laid out for the reader and his hypothesis and theoretical framework were explained. My particular favorite was when he not only lays out the links between his theories of the causes of state crisis but also applies his rational to the United States and explains why this country might be facing problems in the future as well. It was this linkage between his analysis of the past as it applies to the present and the future that made the other 300+ pages worth reading.

Parts of this book reminded me of Les Miserables' 2nd book of Volume 5 in which Victor Hugo writes about the French sewers for 100+ pages and all the time you are wondering (unless perhaps you have a PhD in waste management) why it is necessary to go into such minute detail. Unlike Hugo's famous fiction work about the struggles of Jean Valjean and Javert, we are reading a narrative concerning the all too real struggles (during the majority of the book) of France prior to the French Revolution of 1789 and the English Revolution of 1642.
In Goldstone's first illustration of his theory's explanatory power, he very systematically explains how England's 1642 Revolution was the eventual manifestation of the problems England was having during that time period. The first variable examined is that demographic expansion that was mentioned in earlier reviews. He explains how an increase in population by over 100% from 1500-1650 due to decreased mortality rates (especially children "between one to nine years" ) along with more urbanization and a younger population had several effects on the immediate political and economic situation of England during that time period. As noted before, it was not necessarily the population increase that caused the revolution, but more directly the environment in which the population was. These included inflation, inability for the government to efficiently collect revenue, the effect population increase had on the inheritance of elite gentry families and their wealth (and more specifically their multiple sons who were given a lesser and lesser portion of the family wealth) and the factors of the increasingly younger and more urbanized population on mass mobilization. Goldstone then packages these factors into a model of "pressures for crisis" .

Goldstone then goes on to offer the French Revolution in juxtaposition to the early English revolt to show the dichotomy between a different causal framework which arrives at the same variables for state crisis that England did over a century earlier. Again Goldstone begins with an explanation of population growth in which he notes that while France did not have an overly large increase in population as England did, it was markedly elevated around the time of the evolution; what was harmful to France was an agricultural community that could not support the populace. The younger generations of Frenchman, whose increase was nearly identical to the English, were becoming more urbanized and more industrialized. The nation was flourishing in manufactures at the time. However, the French monarchy continued to try and collect its revenue from an agriculture sector which was stagnant. As the population grew but the French coffers did not, it became harder and harder to keep the country docile. Additionally, increased social mobility caused by inflation, increased mortality and the fall of government revenue ensured the elites were primed for a showdown. Lastly, the increased cost of land, inflation, increased urbanization and a youthful population all have explanatory power concerning France's famous revolution.

While the contributing factors leading to inflation, elite discontent and mass mobilization potential weren't necessarily the same as in the English example, the eventual causes of the revolution were very much the same.

At this point, we receive a reprieve by Goldstone of his modeling and explanations of French agricultural and English Puritanism (which he also cites as a factor leading to mass mobilization in 1642) and start to move East around the globe. Our first departure from meticulousness is in the countries that Napoleon (a product of the 1749 Revolution) had previously conquered and were now in the throes of pre-revolutionary disaster; including Germany. However, unlike France and England, Germany was able to use controlling forces in Prussia, which was fairly stable, to quell the rebellion in the rest of the country. Germany was much better poised and was more opportunistic than France in maximizing its resources. This shows that while population change (because in fact there was specific cause for alarm concerning this variable) "can generate the conditions of the crisis . . . the exact shape and outcome of the crisis depend crucially on the precise resources and the institutions of particular states."

After this interlude in Germany, Ottoman and Chinese civilizations are discussed. These short chapters offer the explanations of the Ottoman Crisis of 1590-1610 and 1622-1628 as well as the Ming-Qing Transition in 1644. In which primarily an inability to collect taxes, the rise of the merchant class and the landlessness and poverty of the peasant population affected stability. In China we see much the same including an increase in inflation, a decrease in willingness of wealthy families to sponsor China's own version of a noble scholar class and the unpaid mercenaries and postal workers who led the revolt on a fiscally deprived dynasty.

Lastly, Goldstone takes a look at the Tokugawa Shogun Japan where, though it is a completely different demographical situation, the results tend towards the same outcome. Japan, unlike the previous examples, did not have an increasing population prior to the revolution, agricultural yields were improving and there was a strict caste structure. It was an excellent example for Goldstone to end on because it shows that though the reasons may be different, the increase of the psi of revolutionary pressure ultimately reaching a tipping point can cause state crisis. Interestingly enough the biggest problems in France, England, the Ottoman Empire and China were related to inflation caused by decreasing revenues as costs of goods rose. But Japan did not collect taxes in money but instead bartered in rice and its population did not increase, but remained stagnant prior to the revolution. As rice production increased but there were not enough citizens to eat it, the price of rice dropped and so the problem in Japan was essentially deflation; as far as the government revenue streams were concerned. Alternatively, the merchant class was expanding its breadth of services and was eclipsing the samurai in wealth, something that was to turn the tide of the military caste.

At this point, the models have explained what Goldstone is trying to prove and the book embarks on a quest to explain how ideology, once the initial mechanisms of revolution have taken hold, run with revolution. He explains that while psi may explain how revolutions and state crisis develop, but once the "Old Regime" is no longer, "ideology and culture . . . play the leading, rather than a following role." He further goes on to show that it is not necessarily the ideology that wins support during a state crisis it is in fact the "organization in comparison to their opponents and competitors" that appeal to people's since of order and thus garner their fraternity. Additionally, radicalism during a revolutionary period is usually followed by an authoritarian regime taking control and establishing peace.

Finally, Goldstone discusses the propensity of psi in the United States and though the country is close to a fiscal crisis the democratically representative government may be a stop-gap to prevent a state crisis.

Overall, it Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World was an eye opening book on the mechanisms of state crisis and the very specific past examples and how they relate to present examples. At times it was tedious but only to clearly define the instigators of change.

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